Political and Legal Configurations Emergence of Laws Concerning Human Rights After the Fall of the Orde Baru Regime
Keywords:
Orde Baru, Political And Legal Configuration, HAMAbstract
This research was conducted using a legal sociology approach because it wanted to open a dialectical perspective from the political and legal constellation that occurred in Indonesia, both in the New Order regime era and in the transitional era towards democracy so that the Law on human rights emerged. Data collection was carried out using a literature study in the form of a literature review and a documentation study. While the data analysis was carried out in a qualitative descriptive manner (content analysis). The results of this study indicate that the existence of Law No. 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights did not appear suddenly and from a critical awareness of the government, but was the result of a long struggle from the dynamics and political and legal struggles that existed in Indonesia during the authoritarian regime. the new order, pressure from the international community, as well as influencing the political and legal configuration after the fall of the New Order regime. The political and legal configurations of the New Order era were hegemonic, tyrannical and centralistic. The state becomes a terror power (state terrorism), a corporate state (state corporatism), a patron client state (state clientelism) and becomes a state that rules public opinion (state discourse). Systemic violations of human rights led to demands for total reform from the people which were very massive and demanded Suharto step down from the presidency. Meanwhile, politics and law in the post-New Order regime era were marked by a spirit of respect for human rights. The political configuration experienced liberalization and the law required reforms to be based on the universal values of human rights. Departing from the sociological facts of the political and legal configuration of the New Order and its destruction towards a democratic transition (reform), the DPR/MPR political decree was realized in the form of TAP MPR No.XVII/MPR/1998 concerning Human Rights. This political decree is the soul of the emergence of the Act. No. 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights, Law No. 26 of 2000 concerning the Human Rights Court, and other laws with dimensions of human rights in the reform era.
References
A.A Peters dan Koesriani S. 1988, Hukum dan Perkembangan Sosial, Sinar Harapan, Jakarta
Artidjo Alkostar, 2004, Pengadilan HAM, Indonesia dan Peradaban, PUSHAM UII, Yogyakarta
Artidjo Alkostar (pengantar), 2007, Mengurai Komplekstas Hak Asasi Manusia, PUSHAM UII, Yogyakarta,
Azhary, 1995, Negara Hukum Indonesia, Analisis Yuridis Normatif Tentang Unsur-Unsurnya, UI Press, Jakarta
A. Ubeidillah (et.al), 2000, Pendidikan Kewargaan (Civic Education) : Demokrasi, HAM, Masyarakat Madani, IAIN Jakarta Press, Jakarta
Amiroeddin Syarif, 1987, Perundang-Undangan, Dasar, Jenis dan Teknik Membuatnya, Rineka Cipta, Jakarta
Ahmad Amin, 1977, Al-Akhlaq, alih bahasa K. H. Fuad Ma`ruf, Bulan Bintang, Jakarta
Abul A`la Maududi, Hak Asasi Manusia Dalam Islam, Penerbit Pustaka, Bandung, 1985
Abd al-Wahhab Khallaf, 1977, Al-Siyasah Al-Syari`ah, Dar Al-Anshar, Al-Qohirah,
Alan Hunt, 1978, The Sociological Movement In Law, Temple University Press, Philadelphia
Ahmad Sukarja, 1995, Piagam Madinah, dan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945, Kajian Perbandingan Tentang Dasar Hidup Bersama Dalam Masyarakat yang Mejemuk, Ctk Pertama, UI Press, Jakarta
Amiruddin, 2000, Konsep Negara Islam menurut Fazlur Rahman, UII Press, Yogyakarta.
Bagir Manan dan Kuntana, 1987, Peranan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan dalam Pembinaan Hukum Nasional, Bandung, Armico, Bandung
Budiono Kusomohamidjojo, 1999, Ketertiban Yang Adil, Problematika Filsafat Hukum, Grasindo, Jakarta
Budiman N.P.D Sinaga, 2004, Ilmu Pengetahuan Perundang-Undangan, UII Press, Yogyakarta
Benedict R.O`G Anderson, 1990, Languange dan Power. Exploring Political Cultures in Indonesia, Cornelly University Press, Ithaca,
C. F. G. Sunaryati Hartono, 1994, Penelitian Hukum di Indonesia pada Akhir Abad ke-20, Alumni Bandung, Bandung
C.F. Strong, 2004, Konstitusi-Konstitusi Politik Modern : Kajian Tentang Sejarah dan Bentuk-Bentuk Konstitusi Dunia, Penerbit Nuansa kerjasama Penerbit Nusamedia, Bandung
Colin MacAndrews dan Ihsanul Amal (editor), 2000, Hubungan Pusat-Daerah dalam Pembangunan, Raja Grafindo Persada, Jakarta
Cornelis Lay dan Pratikno, 2002, Komnas HAM 1998-2001 : Pergulatan dalam Transisi Politik, Fisipol UGM, Yogyakarta
Franz Magnis Suseno, 1991, Etika Politik : Prinsip-Prinsip Moral Dasar
Kenegaraan Modern, PT. Gramedia, Jakarta,
Franz Magnis Suseno, 1992, Filsafat sebagai Ilmu Kritis, Pustaka Kanisius, Yogyakarta,
Francis Fukuyama, 1992, The End of History and The Last Man, Hamish Hamilton, London,
Gobin Boysd dan Chales Pentland, 1981, Issues In Global Politics, The Free Press, New York
Hartono Marjono, 2001, Negara Hukum Yang Demokratis Sebagai Landasan Membangun Indonesia Baru, Yayasan Koridor Pengabdian, Jakarta,
Hamka, 1976, Tafsir Al-Azhar, Juz IV, Yayasan Nurul Islam, Jakarta
Harun Nasution, 1984, Islam dan Sistem Pemerintahan dalam Perkembangan Sejarah, Nuansa
Herold Crouch, 1994, Beberapa Catatan tentang hak asasi manusia dalam Haris
Hermawan Sulistiyo, 2000, Palu Arit di Ladang Tebu, Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia, Jakarta
Lukman Hakim, 2003, Revolusi Sistemik, Solusi Stagnasi Reformasi dalam Bingkai Sosialisme Relegius, HMI MPO Cabang Malang dan Kreasi Wacana, Yogyakarta
Maria Farida Indrati Soeprapto, Ilmu Perundang-undangan Dasar-Dasar dan Pembentukannya, Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1998
Maurice Duverger, 1998, Sosiologi Politik, Rajawali Press, Jakarta
Mahfud MD, 1999, Hukum dan Pilar-Pilar Demokrasi, Gama Media, Yogyakarta
Moh. Mahfud MD, 1999, Pergulatan Politik dan Hukum di Indonesia, Gama Media, Yogyakarta
Moh. Mahfud MD, 1998, Politik Hukum di Indonesia, Pustakan LP3ES Indonesia, Jakarta.
Rieke Diah Pitaloka, 2004, Kekerasan Negara Menular ke Masyarakat, Galang Press, Yogyakarta
Ridwan, HR., 2002, Hukum Administrasi Negara, UII Press. Yogyakarta
Risalah Perundingan, 1959, Sekretariat Konstituante. Bandung.
Risalah Sidang, 1997, BPUPKI terbitan Sekneg, Jakarta
Rukmana Amanwinata,1988, Kemerdekaan Mengeluarkan Pikiran Dengan Tulisan Dalam Pasal 28 Undang-Undang Dasar 1945, Tesis pada Fakultas Pasca Sarjana Unpad, Bandung
Robert M. Maclver, 1961, The Web of Government, The Macmillan Company, New York.
Romli Atmasasmita, 2001, Reformasi Hukum, Hak Asasi Manusia & Penegakan Hukum, Mandar Maju, Bandung.